Ottoman Period Constitutional Movements Essays -

Ottoman Period Constitutional Movements Constitutional Movements During the Ottoman Period Constitutional movements during the Ottoman period commenced towards the end of the 18th century. During the period of the 1789-1808, Sultan Selim the Third envisaged the formation of an advisory assembly, called the Meclis-i Meshveret, within the context of the New System (called the Nizam-i Cedid) that he wanted to have set up, which is seen as a major step towards a constitutional government system. The Sened-i Ittifak, or Charter of Alliance, is seen as the first important document from the point of view of a constitutional order. Whilst the 1808 charter restricted the Sultan's exercise of power, it also delegated some authorities to a senate body, called the Ayan. The charter is a significant document as it was also recognized by the Sultan. The Tanzimat Reform era commenced with the issue of the decree entitled Gulhane Hatt-i Humayun in 1839. The subjects of the Ottoman Padishah were assured that their basic rights would be respected. The documents is especially significant for its recognition of equal rights in education and in government administration for those of Christian persuasion, exemplifying egalitarian principles. The 1875 document entitled the Ferman-i Adalet, or the Imperial Edict on Justice, provided for independence of the judicial courts and ensured the safety of judges. The most important step along the road to the rule of law was made with the introduction of the 1876 Kanun-i Esasiye, or Constitution, which also started the period known as the First Meshrutiyet, or First Constitutional Period. The basic concept in the 1876 constitution is that, although somewhat restrictive in the exercise of powers, it nevertheless, for the first time, recognized a parliamentary system. This constitution has provisions covering basic rights and privileges, the independence of courts and the safety of judges, among other aspects. After the 1876 Constitution had been in effect for one year, the Second Meshrutiyet period laid the foundations of a parliamentary system by adopting the 1876 Constitution with some amendments made thereto. The Constitutional System During the War of Independence When the Turkish Grand National Assembly congregated on April 23, 1920, this in itself marked a unique and important change in the exercise of sovereignty. During the Ottoman reign, the workings of Parliament were to an extent, the use by delegation of the powers of the ruler in the legislative process. Whereas, in the case of the workings of the Turkish Grand National Assembly, all authority was vested in Parliament itself. The Constitution of January 20, 1921 is called the Constitution Law, and when compared with the Ottoman legal system contains a radically new concept. According to this concept, whilst the power to legislate belongs to parliament, the executive powers can only be exercised by an executive council to be elected by majority vote from among the members of Parliament. According to this Law of Constitution, differences of opinion and disagreements between ministers are to be resolved in Parliament. In addition to this, the changing of ministers is also counted among the powers of Parliament. The name of the government during the course of the war of independence was the Government of the Grand National Assembly and the name of the regular army The Army of the Grand National Assembly. On the other hand, the government itself was vested with the power to dissolve Parliament or to renew the election of the Assembly. In this system, which did not have a Head of State, the members of Independence Tribunals were also elected from among the members of the Assembly. An important step was taken to establish a Council of Ministers with more freedom of movement when a motion that the form of the state should be Republic was enacted on October 29, 1923; the President of the Republic was to be elected from among the members of the Assembly for one term of office. According to law, the President would select the Prime Minister from among the members of the Parliament. In turn the Prime Minister would select the other Ministers from among the members of Parliament and, finally, the President would submit the whole of the Council of Ministers for the approval of Parliament. The Republican Era Constitutions

Human

Human AbstractThis paper will attempt to analyze cross-cultural and cultural psychology. It will examine the relationship between both, discuss the role of critical thinking in cross- cultural psychology, and discuss the methodology associated with cross-cultural research. Culture is a full range of behavior patterns (N.A. 2010, p. 1). Culture can be distinguished by a set of beliefs and attitudes from a given generation (Shiraev, Levy 2010, p. 2). It is a way of life passed down from generation to generation. Cross-cultural psychology deals with the culture and human behavior. In today's society cross-cultural psychologists investigate how culture affects individuals everywhere.Cross Cultural PsychologyCultural and Cross- Cultural Psychology"Culture is a set of attitudes, behaviors and symbols shared by a large group of people and usually communicated from one generation to the next (Shiraev Levy, 2010p2). Before reaching adulthood individuals learn how to understand their environment a ccording to his parents."English: Moulton Hall, formerly the Metcalf School...Culture is a full range of learned behavior patterns"(N.A., 2010, p .1). We notice individuals of African, Japanese, Italian descent; individuals are referring to the customs and ideals that their parents used. It has become a way of life passed down from generation to generation. " in most cases, those who share your culture do so because they acquired it as they were raised by parents and other family members who have it" (N.A., 2010, p. 1). "There are certain behaviors that are associated with culture such as norms, roles, customs, traditions, habits, practices, and fashions" (Shiraev Levy, 2010, p.3). Cultures can be explained as experiencing explicit and implicit (Shiraev, Levy 2010, p .4). Certain practices in some cultures that are more dominate than others, for example saying, goodbye, and hello in our culture. "Implicit culture implies the information and cultural rules are implied and already.. .